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<title>Rejected takeoff</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rejected takeoff</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, a <b>rejected takeoff</b> (<b>RTO</b>) or <b>aborted takeoff</b> is the situation in which the pilot decides to abort the <a href="Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> of an <a href="Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> after initiating the takeoff roll but before the airplane leaves the ground.

</p><p>Reasons to perform a rejected takeoff vary but are usually related to a suspected or actual problem with the aircraft, such as an engine failure; fire; incorrect configuration; aircraft control issue; unusually slow acceleration; automated warning signal(s) indicating a critical system failure; environmental conditions such as predictive <a href="Windshear" class="mw-redirect" title="Windshear">windshear</a>; or an instruction from <a href="Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>.

</p><p>There are three phases of a takeoff. In the low-speed regime, usually below 80 kts or so, the takeoff will be rejected even for minor failures. In the high-speed regime, above usually 80 kts but below <a href="V1_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="V1 speed">V<sub>1</sub></a>, minor problems are ignored, but the takeoff will still be rejected for serious problems, in particular for engine failures. The takeoff decision speed, known as V<sub>1</sub>, is calculated before each flight for larger multi-engine airplanes. Below the decision speed, the airplane should be able to stop safely before the end of the <a href="Runway" title="Runway">runway</a>. Above the decision speed, the airplane may <a href="Runway_excursion" title="Runway excursion">overshoot the runway</a> if the takeoff is aborted, and, therefore, a rejected takeoff is normally not performed above this speed, unless there is reason to doubt the airplane's ability to fly. If a serious failure occurs or is suspected above V<sub>1</sub>, but the airplane's ability to fly is not in doubt, the takeoff is continued despite the (suspected) failure, and the airplane will attempt to land again as soon as possible. If the airplane's ability to fly <i>is</i> in doubt (for instance, in the event of a major flight-control failure which leaves the airplane unable to rotate for liftoff), the best option may well be to reject the takeoff even if after V<sub>1</sub>, accepting the likelihood of a runway overrun.

</p><p>Single-engine aircraft will reject any takeoff after an engine failure, regardless of speed, as there is no power available to continue the takeoff. Even if the airplane is already airborne, if sufficient runway remains, an attempt to land straight ahead on the runway may be made. This may also apply to some light twin-engine airplanes.

</p><p>Before the takeoff roll is started, the <a href="Autobrake" title="Autobrake">autobrake</a> system of the aircraft, if available, is armed. The autobrake system will automatically apply maximum brakes if throttle is reduced to idle or reverse thrust during the takeoff roll once a preset speed has been reached.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2></div>

<p>An RTO is usually seen as one of the most challenging tests an airplane has to undergo for its <a href="Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">certification trials</a>. The RTO test is performed under the worst possible conditions; i.e. with fully worn out brakes, the plane loaded to <a href="Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">maximum takeoff weight</a> and no use of <a href="Thrust_reversers" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust reversers">thrust reversers</a>. During an RTO test most of the <a href="Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the airplane is converted to heat by the brakes, which may cause the <a href="Fusible_plug" title="Fusible plug">fusible plugs</a> of the tires to melt, causing them to deflate. Small brake fires are acceptable, providing that in the first five minutes, they do not prejudice the safe and complete evacuation of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_accidents">Related accidents</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="2008_South_Carolina_Learjet_60_crash" title="2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash">2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash</a> – an RTO above V<sub>1</sub>, four fatalities</li>

<li><a href="1990_Wayne_County_Airport_runway_collision" title="1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision">1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision</a> – RTO after collision following <a href="Runway_incursion" title="Runway incursion">runway incursion</a>; aircraft struck destroyed with eight fatalities, aircraft that performed RTO damaged with no fatalities, later repaired and returned to service</li>

<li><a href="Air_France_Flight_007" title="Air France Flight 007">Air France Flight 007</a> – RTO above V<sub>1</sub> after flight-control failure, 130 fatalities</li>

<li><a href="American_Airlines_Flight_383_(2016)" title="American Airlines Flight 383 (2016)">American Airlines Flight 383</a> – uncontained engine failure and fire</li>

<li><a href="Ameristar_Charters_Flight_9363" title="Ameristar Charters Flight 9363">Ameristar Charters Flight 9363</a> – RTO above V<sub>1</sub> after flight-control failure, aircraft written off but no fatalities</li>

<li><a href="British_Airtours_Flight_28M" class="mw-redirect" title="British Airtours Flight 28M">British Airtours Flight 28M</a> – uncontained engine failure that damaged a fuel tank, resulting in a major fire and 55 fatalities</li>

<li><a href="British_Airways_Flight_2276" title="British Airways Flight 2276">British Airways Flight 2276</a> – uncontained engine failure</li>

<li><a href="Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_865" title="Garuda Indonesia Flight 865">Garuda Indonesia Flight 865</a> – RTO after engine failure, three fatalities</li>

<li><a href="Korean_Air_Flight_2708" title="Korean Air Flight 2708">Korean Air Flight 2708</a> – uncontained engine failure, no fatalities, aircraft later repaired and returned to service</li>

<li><a href="Overseas_National_Airways_Flight_032" title="Overseas National Airways Flight 032">Overseas National Airways Flight 032</a> – uncontained engine failure attributed to bird ingestion, aircraft destroyed by fire but no fatalities</li>

<li><a href="Spantax_Flight_995" title="Spantax Flight 995">Spantax Flight 995</a> – an RTO above V<sub>1</sub>, 50 fatalities</li>

<li><a href="TWA_Flight_843" title="TWA Flight 843">TWA Flight 843</a> – RTO after instrument failure, aircraft destroyed by fire but no fatalities</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Balanced_field_takeoff" title="Balanced field takeoff">Balanced field takeoff</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?engine_version=5&nr_of_rows=30&sort_order=views&first_this_page=0&page_limit=15&thumbnails=&&countrysearch=-%20Amsterdam%20-%20Schiphol%20%28AMS%20%2F%20EHAM%29&keywords=CS-TMR&keywrange=all">Airliners.net – Photos detailing a RTO performed by a Lockheed Tristar at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309181259/http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?engine_version=5&nr_of_rows=30&sort_order=views&first_this_page=0&page_limit=15&thumbnails=&&countrysearch=-%20Amsterdam%20-%20Schiphol%20%28AMS%20%2F%20EHAM%29&keywords=CS-TMR&keywrange=all">Archived</a> 2012-03-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_11/takeoff_story.html">History of RTO Operations at Evergreen</a> with good explanatory notes</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFred_George2017" class="citation news cs1">Fred George (Jul 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/gono-go-decision-high-speed-rtos-are-fraught-risk">"The Go/No-Go Decision: High-Speed RTOs Are Fraught With Risk"</a>. <i>Aviation Week Network</i>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g6UswiRCF0">Boeing 747-8 rejected take-off test, 2011</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Types_of_takeoff_and_landing98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="Takeoff_and_landing" title="Takeoff and landing">takeoff and landing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Takeoff" title="Takeoff">Takeoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balanced_field_takeoff" title="Balanced field takeoff">Balanced field takeoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">Rocket launch</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-length_launch" title="Zero-length launch">Zero-length launch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Assisted_take-off" title="Assisted take-off">Assisted take-off</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">Catapult</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_carriage" title="Ground carriage">Ground carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_sled_launch" title="Rocket sled launch">Rocket sled</a></li>

<li><a href="All_American_Turbo-Cat" title="All American Turbo-Cat">Turbo-Cat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Takeoff_and_landing" title="Takeoff and landing">Takeoff and landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brodie_landing_system" title="Brodie landing system">Brodie landing system</a></li>

<li><a href="CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a></li>

<li><a href="EVTOL" title="EVTOL">eVTOL</a></li>

<li><a href="STOL#Rough_field_capability" title="STOL">Rough-field capability</a></li>

<li><a href="STOBAR" title="STOBAR">STOBAR</a></li>

<li><a href="STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a></li>

<li><a href="VTHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VTHL">VTHL</a>/<a href="VTOHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VTOHL">VTOHL</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_and_recovery_cycle" title="Launch and recovery cycle">Launch and recovery cycle</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Landing" title="Landing">Landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belly_landing" title="Belly landing">Belly landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Corkscrew_landing" title="Corkscrew landing">Corkscrew landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Crosswind_landing" title="Crosswind landing">Crosswind landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadstick_landing" title="Deadstick landing">Deadstick landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_landing" title="Emergency landing">Emergency landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_deck#Flexible_decks" title="Flight deck">Flexible deck</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_landing" title="Forced landing">Forced landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_landing" title="Hard landing">Hard landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Shipborne_rolling_vertical_landing" title="Shipborne rolling vertical landing">Shipborne rolling vertical landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Short-field_landing" title="Short-field landing">Short-field landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_landing" title="Soft landing">Soft landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Splashdown" title="Splashdown">Splashdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Touch-and-go_landing" title="Touch-and-go landing">Touch-and-go landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_landing" title="Water landing">Water landing/ditching</a></li>

<li><a href="Floating_launch_vehicle_operations_platform" title="Floating launch vehicle operations platform">Floating landing platform</a></li></ul>

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